We provide information and advice about Slap Cheek or Parvovirus in humans - the signs and symptoms, treatments, risks and complications.
Parvovirus or slap cheek can be harmful to an unborn baby, if the mother contracts it during pregnancy. Child centres, schools and kindies need to alert pregnant mums when there is a local outbreak of parvovirus.
What is slap cheek?
This viral illness gets its name from the characteristic `slap like’ rash that appears on children’s faces.
It is now more commonly known as Parvovirus (caused by parvovirus B19) which is different from the parvovirus that can be carried by cats and dogs.
Slap cheek is also called Fifth disease (because it was the fifth childhood infection with rash-like symptoms after measles, German measles, scarlet fever and roseola) and by its Latin name Erythema Infectiosum, which means infectious rash.
It is a relatively mild disease that begins with a rash on the face which spreads to the body and then fades. It often occurs in small outbreaks and will rapidly spread through schools and day care centres. The virus is spread by sneezing, coughing, kissing or close contact. Children are infectious for the 5 – 6 days before the rash appears.
Incubation time (the period from first being exposed to the illness until symptoms developing) is around 5 – 20 days. Once the rash appears, the child is no longer infectious. Once your child has recovered from slap cheek they should have lifelong immunity to the illness.
What are the signs and symptoms or slap cheek or parvovirus?
- The rash can be preceded by a fever, sore throat and cold symptoms
- A red rash on the face that may appear on one or both cheeks- it actually looks like the cheek has been slapped
- The rash on the body is firstly red and blotchy and then becomes faded and lace-like
- The rash may be itchy
- The rash may fade and then flare up, exacerbated by sunlight, exercise, temperature changes like a bath and the child getting upset
- The child is normally well, apart from the rash, but may have stomach upsets, headache and fatigue.
Slap cheek can also affect adults where it may present as joint pains (especially hands, wrists, ankles, knees) and swelling that may last from days to weeks. There will often be no rash in adults.
What is the treatment for parvovirus?
Contact your doctor if your child’s temperature is very high, or you are in the first half of a pregnancy or you are not sure if the rash is slap cheek.
There isn't any treatment as such - you just need to keep your child comfortable; see ‘What can I do?’ below.
See your doctor if your child develops swollen, painful joints.
Risks & complications of slap cheek
It can seriously affect children and adults with immune deficiency disorders such as leukaemia, haemolytic anaemia and sickle cell anaemia and people receiving chemotherapy treatment.
In all these instances see the doctor promptly.
There is a potential risk for pregnant women. Around 50 – 70% of all pregnant women carry a natural immunity to parvovirus, but in those who are not immune it can cause miscarriage in the early stages of pregnancy (risk is 10-20%). Parvovirus can also cause circulation problems in the fetus.
What can I do for my child at home with slap cheek or parvovirus?
- Keep your child comfortable in cool cotton clothing
- Apply calomine lotion to the skin to relieve the itch
- Keep your child’s nails short to help prevent scratching and secondary infection
- Ensure your children wash their hands regularly throughout the day
- It may help to use cotton gloves, mittens or socks on smaller children or at night to stop scratching
- Ensure they have plenty to drink
- If your child has a fever, or is in discomfort, give paracetamol syrup, checking the bottle for correct dose for age
- If your child has developed slap cheek let any friends, relatives or social contacts who are pregnant know so they can inform their doctor or midwife, who will do blood tests and monitor the pregnancy
- Pregnant women who work in a childcare environment need to be aware of the virus.
Helpful Articles
To find out more about pregnancy and caring for yourself and your unborn baby, visit our Pregnancy section at Kiwi Families.
To find out about other common Rashes/Skin Conditions click here.
Kimberley Paterson is a writer and public relations expert living in Whangaparoa.
Kimberley had an initial career as a registered nurse and has spent the last 20 years writing about health and well being.
Article Slap Cheek (Parvovirus) written by Kimberley Paterson.